aren't = are not; can't = can not; couldn't = could not; didn't = did not; doesn't = does not; don't = do not; hadn't = had not; hasn't = has not; he'd = he had, he would; he'll = he will; she'd = she had, she would; she'll = she will; she's = she is, she has; shouldn't = should not; that'll = that will; that's = that is, that has; there's = there is; they'd = they had, they would; they'll = they will; they're = they are; haven't = have not; he's = he is, he has; here's = here is; I'd = I had, I would, I should; I'll = I will, I shall; I'm = I am; isn't = is not; it'd = it had; it would; it'll = it will; I've = I have; let's = let us; ma'am = madam; mustn't = must not; needn't = need not; oughtn't = ought not; shan't = shall not; they've = they have; wasn't = was not; we'd = we had, we would; we'll = we will, we shall; weren't = were not; we've = we have; what's = what is, what has; where's = where is; who's = who is, who has; who've = who have; won't = will not; wouldn't = would not; you'd = you had, you would; you'll = you will; you're = you are; you've = you have
Penjelasan 1 :
Contraction adalah singkatan enclitics (kata atau persingkatan kata yang tidak bertekanan); sedangkan abbreviation adalah bentuk singkatan atau kependekan dari sebuah kata atau ungkapan yang menggantikan atau mewakili keseluruhannya.
Contoh :
a. I'm is a contraction for I am = I'm merupakan singkatan bagi I am
b. Exam is a familiar abbreviation of examination = Exam adalah singkatan yang lazim dari examination.
c. U.S.A. is an abbreviation of the United States of America = U.S.A. merupakan singkatan dari United States of America.
Jadi, kata-kata singkatan dalam daftar tersebut diatas yang ditulis dengan tanda apostrof lebih tepat disebut contraction.
Penjelasan 2 :
" It is, that is, what is, there is, here is, you are, they will, let us, cannot, etc ". Bentuk-bentuk ini disebut full forms atau bentuk lengkap.
Bentuk-bentuk demikian ditulis dalam bahan formal (resmi) dan kalau dibaca bentuk-bentuk tersebut biasanya dilafalkan seperti tertulis. Bentuk-bentuk lengkap itu tidak boleh disingkat dalam surat menyurat resmi, bisnis dan sebagainya.
Akan tetapi contraction (singkatan) biasanya digunakan dalam pidato dan dalam percapakan yang direkam atau tertulis atau karangan informal (tak resmi) yang lain, singkatan-singkatan itu ditulis dengan tanda apostrof : It's, that's, what's, there's, here's, you're, they'll, let's, can't etc.
Namun, bentuk lengkap dipakai dalam posisi terakhir : Yes, he is. (Akan tetapi : No, he isn't/No, he's not). Bentuk lengkap dipakai pula didepan too (=juga); He is too. Sama pula sesudah kata tanya sebelum kata ganti orang (personal pronoun) yang terakhir : What is it ? (Akan tetapi : What's that?).
Isn't it ? aren't you ? can't they ? won't he ? Bentuk-bentuk demikian harus ditulis dengan tanda apostrof dalam pertanyaan-pertanyaan. Sebaliknya, dengan bentuk lengkap, urutan kata berbeda : Is it not ? are you not ? can they not ? will he not ? Akan tetapi bentuk-bentuk lengkap itu hanya terdapat dalam gaya bahasa sastra yang sangat formal.
(Lihat halaman 67 Common Mistakes in English karangan Sheldon Wise, Ph D. Yale University terbitan PT Pustaka Rakyat, Jakarta, 1955)
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